See boun in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bounen"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"obsolete boun"
],
"word": "bound"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "boun"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "búinn"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old Norse búinn",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non-oen",
"2": "*bóinn"
},
"expansion": "Old East Norse *bóinn",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse búinn, past participle of búa (“to prepare”). Forms with /oː/ are from Old East Norse *bóinn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "boyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "boune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bownde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bowne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bownn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"10": "{{{3}}}",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{sup2}}}",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{comp2}}}",
"9": "",
"f3l": "",
"f5l": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "boun",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "boun",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 14 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 19 22 3 17 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 22 18 1 13 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Human behaviour",
"orig": "enm:Human behaviour",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
79,
84
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
80,
88
]
],
"english": "To this they'd all assented, / and made their men make themselves ready / to be prepared again that day / in the best way that they're able to.",
"ref": "c. 1375, “Book XI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunsye: Iohannes Ramsay, published 1489, folio 37, verso, lines 69-73; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:",
"text": "To ϸis ϸai all aſſentyt ar / And bad ϸ[air] men all mak ϸai[m] ȝar / For to be boune agayne ϸ[at] day / On ϸe beſt wiß ϸ[at] eu[ir] ϸai may",
"translation": "To this they'd all assented, / and made their men make themselves ready / to be prepared again that day / in the best way that they're able to.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised"
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-adj-CDby9Rs8",
"links": [
[
"Ready",
"ready"
],
[
"prepared",
"prepared"
],
[
"organised",
"organised"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised:"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 14 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 19 22 3 17 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 22 18 1 13 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Human behaviour",
"orig": "enm:Human behaviour",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised:",
"Motivated, raring, eager."
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-adj-xDhHE~Z2",
"links": [
[
"Ready",
"ready"
],
[
"prepared",
"prepared"
],
[
"organised",
"organised"
],
[
"Motivated",
"motivated"
],
[
"raring",
"raring"
],
[
"eager",
"eager"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 14 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 19 22 3 17 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 22 18 1 13 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Human behaviour",
"orig": "enm:Human behaviour",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised:",
"Loyal, subservient, compliant."
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-adj-IulMywr-",
"links": [
[
"Ready",
"ready"
],
[
"prepared",
"prepared"
],
[
"organised",
"organised"
],
[
"Loyal",
"loyal"
],
[
"subservient",
"subservient"
],
[
"compliant",
"compliant"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 14 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 19 22 3 17 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 22 18 1 13 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Human behaviour",
"orig": "enm:Human behaviour",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bound, going or ready to go."
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-adj-FQRtGJh~",
"links": [
[
"Bound",
"bound"
],
[
"going",
"going"
],
[
"ready",
"ready"
],
[
"go",
"go"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 14 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"On the brink of; about to."
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-adj-GTHiE4GT",
"links": [
[
"On",
"on"
],
[
"brink",
"brink"
],
[
"about",
"about"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) On the brink of; about to."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 19 19 22 3 17 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 22 18 1 13 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Human behaviour",
"orig": "enm:Human behaviour",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Close by, adjacent."
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-adj-z3YbCnqT",
"links": [
[
"Close",
"close"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"adjacent",
"adjacent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Close by, adjacent."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/buːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/boːn/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"word": "boun"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "boun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "bounen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of bounen"
],
"id": "en-boun-enm-verb-FhDB9ZEi",
"links": [
[
"bounen",
"bounen#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "boun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Human behaviour"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bounen"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"obsolete boun"
],
"word": "bound"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "boun"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "búinn"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old Norse búinn",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non-oen",
"2": "*bóinn"
},
"expansion": "Old East Norse *bóinn",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse búinn, past participle of búa (“to prepare”). Forms with /oː/ are from Old East Norse *bóinn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "boyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "boune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bownde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bowne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bownn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"10": "{{{3}}}",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{sup2}}}",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{comp2}}}",
"9": "",
"f3l": "",
"f5l": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "boun",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "boun",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
79,
84
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
80,
88
]
],
"english": "To this they'd all assented, / and made their men make themselves ready / to be prepared again that day / in the best way that they're able to.",
"ref": "c. 1375, “Book XI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunsye: Iohannes Ramsay, published 1489, folio 37, verso, lines 69-73; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:",
"text": "To ϸis ϸai all aſſentyt ar / And bad ϸ[air] men all mak ϸai[m] ȝar / For to be boune agayne ϸ[at] day / On ϸe beſt wiß ϸ[at] eu[ir] ϸai may",
"translation": "To this they'd all assented, / and made their men make themselves ready / to be prepared again that day / in the best way that they're able to.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised"
],
"links": [
[
"Ready",
"ready"
],
[
"prepared",
"prepared"
],
[
"organised",
"organised"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised:",
"Motivated, raring, eager."
],
"links": [
[
"Ready",
"ready"
],
[
"prepared",
"prepared"
],
[
"organised",
"organised"
],
[
"Motivated",
"motivated"
],
[
"raring",
"raring"
],
[
"eager",
"eager"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Ready, prepared, organised:",
"Loyal, subservient, compliant."
],
"links": [
[
"Ready",
"ready"
],
[
"prepared",
"prepared"
],
[
"organised",
"organised"
],
[
"Loyal",
"loyal"
],
[
"subservient",
"subservient"
],
[
"compliant",
"compliant"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Bound, going or ready to go."
],
"links": [
[
"Bound",
"bound"
],
[
"going",
"going"
],
[
"ready",
"ready"
],
[
"go",
"go"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"On the brink of; about to."
],
"links": [
[
"On",
"on"
],
[
"brink",
"brink"
],
[
"about",
"about"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) On the brink of; about to."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Close by, adjacent."
],
"links": [
[
"Close",
"close"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"adjacent",
"adjacent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Close by, adjacent."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/buːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/boːn/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"word": "boun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Human behaviour"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "boun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "bounen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of bounen"
],
"links": [
[
"bounen",
"bounen#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "boun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for boun meaning in Middle English (4.5kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''Ready, prepared, organised:'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"boun"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "boun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"boun",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "boun",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 702326660<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Fri, 21 Aug 2026 17:50:54 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"boun",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "boun",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 625963419<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Fri, 21 Aug 2026 17:51:49 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.